Main Article Content
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, and Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, are known to cause both enteric and systemic infections in humans. The improper use of antibiotics has often been associated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Purple chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) has shown significant potential as an alternative treatment, owing to its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. These properties are attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavones, essential oils, and other phytochemicals. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites and evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts from purple chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). The extraction process was conducted using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and the antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method at extract concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, and 50%, with ciprofloxacin serving as the positive control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and steroids in the ethanol extract of purple chrysanthemum. Importantly, all ethanol extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity. The highest inhibition zones were observed at a 50% concentration, with S. aureus showing an inhibition zone of 12.35 ± 0.4 mm, while E. coli exhibited an inhibition zone of 15.08 ± 0.22 mm.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Degol Paukiran, Fona Budiarso, Aaltje Manampiring, Fatimawali Fatimawali, Billy Kepel, Widdhi Bodhi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Ong CC, Teo LLS. Endemic Thoracic Infections in Southeast Asia. Radiologic Clinics of North America 2022;60:445–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2022.01.002.
- Park MY, Eslick GD. Infectious Organisms Associated With Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest. Dis. Their Assoc. Infect., Elsevier; 2019, p. 113–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-54843-4.00009-X.
- Jnani D, Ray SD. Escherichia coli. Encycl. Toxicol., Elsevier; 2024, p. 357–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00190-1.
- Holland TL, Fowler VG. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Adults 2024.
- Fitranda M, Salasia SIO, Sianipar O, Dewananda DA, Arjana AZ, Aziz F, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Derived from Humans and Animals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Veterinary World 2023:239–45. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.239-245.
- Doua J, Geurtsen J, Rodriguez-Baño J, Cornely OA, Go O, Gomila-Grange A, et al. Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive Escherichia Coli Disease in Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospitals. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2023;10:ofad026. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad026.
- Anderson JD, Bagamian KH, Muhib F, Amaya MP, Laytner LA, Wierzba T, et al. Burden of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella Non-fatal Diarrhoeal Infections in 79 Low-Income and Lower Middle-Income Countries: A Modelling Analysis. The Lancet Global Health 2019;7:e321–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30483-2.
- Muliana D, Mulia VD, Suardi HN, Puspita NA, Suryawati S. Probiotics and Their Role in Decreasing Diarrhea Prevalence in the Elderly Population: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Malacca Pharmaceutics 2024;2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.60084/mp.v2i1.143.
- Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Kowalewski C, Krolak-Ulinska A, Marusza W. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022;23:8088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158088.
- Chen L, Jian J, Xie Z, Zhao P, Zhang M. Isolation and Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli Carrying blaNDM and mcr-1 from Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Patient. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2023;2023:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6640009.
- Noviandy TR, Maulana A, Idroes GM, Suhendra R, Afidh RPF, Idroes R. An Explainable Multi-Model Stacked Classifier Approach for Predicting Hepatitis C Drug Candidates. Sci 2024;6:81. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci6040081.
- Noviandy TR, Maulana A, Irvanizam I, Idroes GM, Maulydia NB, Tallei TE, et al. Interpretable Machine Learning Approach to Predict Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Inhibitor Activity Using Voting-Based LightGBM and SHAP. Intelligent Systems with Applications 2025:200481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswa.2025.200481.
- Dolongtelide JI, Fatimawali F, Tallei TE, Suoth EJ, Simbala HEI, Antasionasti I, et al. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Chrysanthemum indicum Flowers Extract and Its Fraction. Malacca Pharmaceutics 2023;1:43–7. https://doi.org/10.60084/mp.v1i2.26.
- Hodaei M, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A. Variation in Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Iranian Chrysanthemum morifolium Cultivars and Determination of Major Polyphenolic Compounds Based on HPLC Analysis. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021;58:1538–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04666-1.
- Rawung FT, Karauwan FA, Pareta DN, Palandi RR. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Formulasi Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Daun Krisan Chrysanthemum morifolium Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Biofarmasetikal Tropis 2020;3:8–16. https://doi.org/10.55724/j.biofar.trop.v3i2.279.
- Boukhebti H, Demirtas I, Omar L, Chaker AN. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil and Anatomical Study of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 2020;10:7–13. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2-s.4015.
- Panda M, Pattnaik PK, Beura R, Bahira S. Antibacterial Activities of In Vitro Grown Chrysanthemum Morifolium Leaf Extract Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Sci Adv Res Technol 2019;5:28–33.
- Puspita R, Hasani N. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Daun Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix D.C) Dengan Metode Ekstraksi UAE (Ultrasound Assisted Extraction) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes Menggunakan Difusi Cakram. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge 2024;4:1863–78.
- Badaring D, Sari S, Wulan W, Lembang S. Test of Maja Leaf Extract (Aegle marmelos L.) on the Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Indonesian Journal of Fundamental Sciences 2020;6:16–26.
- Kumowal S, Fatimawali F, Jayanto I. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Nanopartikel Ekstrak Lengkuas Putih (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) Terhadap Bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae. PHARMACON 2019;8:781. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29354.
- Nurhamidin A, Antasionasti I. Antibacterial Activity Test of N-Hexane Extract of Langsat Fruit Seeds (Lansium domesticum Corr) against Staphylococus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteria Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak N-Heksan Biji Buah Langsat (Lansium domesticum Corr) Ter. 2021; 10: 32772 2021.
- Coelho TLS, Silva DSN, Dos Santos Junior JM, Dantas C, Nogueira ARDA, Lopes Júnior CA, et al. Multivariate Optimization and Comparison between Conventional Extraction (CE) and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of Carotenoid Extraction from Cashew Apple. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2022;84:105980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105980.
- Zahra AM, Budiastra IW, Mardjan SS. Physicochemical Properties of Nutmeg Mace Oleoresin Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on Different Drying Methods 2019.
- Hidayah N, Nurbani SZ, Kusuma J, Siregar AN. Identifikasi Senyawa Fitokimia Ekstrak Waru Laut (Thespesia populnea) Dari Pesisir Pantai Semarus Kabupaten Natuna 2020.
- Ridwan R. Identification and Phytochemical Testing of Traditional Medicinal Plants of the North Buton Community 2023.
- Bawekes SM, Yudistira A, Rumondor EM. Uji Kualitatif Kandungan Senyawa Kimia Perasan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). PHARMACON 2023;12:373–7. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.12.2023.49269.
- Damayanti Iskandar, Dea Ananda Marsas Putri, Rahma Hidayani. Uji Kualitatif Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Daun Malapari (Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre) Pada Pelarut Etanol Dan N-Heksana Sebagai Kandidat Sunscreen. BADA’A: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar 2024;6:107–14. https://doi.org/10.37216/badaa.v6i1.1400.
- Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, Program Studi Farmasi, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Emelda E, Asriani Safitri E, Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, Program Studi Farmasi, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Fatmawati A, Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, Program Studi Farmasi, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Inhibition Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ulva lactuca against Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 2021;7:43–8. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2021.007.01.7.
- Fransisca D, Kahanjak DN, Frethernety A. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli Dengan Metode Difusi Cakram Kirby-Bauer. Jurnal Pengelolaan Lingkungan Berkelanjutan (Journal of Environmental Sustainability Management) 2020:460–70. https://doi.org/10.36813/jplb.4.1.460-470.
- Azkiyah S. Effect of Antibacterial Test of Ginger Extract on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli In Vitro. Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura 2020;1:71–80.
- Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Review on Plant Antimicrobials: A Mechanistic Viewpoint. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 2019;8:118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6.
- Melkianus B, Fatimawali F, Sudewi S. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Terhadap Bakteri Klebsiella Pneumonlae. PHARMACON 2019;8:88. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29241.
- Alouw G, Fatimawali F, Lebang JS. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dengan Metode Difusi Sumuran. Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ) 2022;5:36. https://doi.org/10.35799/pmj.v5i1.41430.
References
Ong CC, Teo LLS. Endemic Thoracic Infections in Southeast Asia. Radiologic Clinics of North America 2022;60:445–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2022.01.002.
Park MY, Eslick GD. Infectious Organisms Associated With Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest. Dis. Their Assoc. Infect., Elsevier; 2019, p. 113–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-54843-4.00009-X.
Jnani D, Ray SD. Escherichia coli. Encycl. Toxicol., Elsevier; 2024, p. 357–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00190-1.
Holland TL, Fowler VG. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Adults 2024.
Fitranda M, Salasia SIO, Sianipar O, Dewananda DA, Arjana AZ, Aziz F, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Derived from Humans and Animals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Veterinary World 2023:239–45. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.239-245.
Doua J, Geurtsen J, Rodriguez-Baño J, Cornely OA, Go O, Gomila-Grange A, et al. Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive Escherichia Coli Disease in Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospitals. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2023;10:ofad026. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad026.
Anderson JD, Bagamian KH, Muhib F, Amaya MP, Laytner LA, Wierzba T, et al. Burden of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella Non-fatal Diarrhoeal Infections in 79 Low-Income and Lower Middle-Income Countries: A Modelling Analysis. The Lancet Global Health 2019;7:e321–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30483-2.
Muliana D, Mulia VD, Suardi HN, Puspita NA, Suryawati S. Probiotics and Their Role in Decreasing Diarrhea Prevalence in the Elderly Population: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Malacca Pharmaceutics 2024;2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.60084/mp.v2i1.143.
Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Kowalewski C, Krolak-Ulinska A, Marusza W. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022;23:8088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158088.
Chen L, Jian J, Xie Z, Zhao P, Zhang M. Isolation and Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli Carrying blaNDM and mcr-1 from Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Patient. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2023;2023:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6640009.
Noviandy TR, Maulana A, Idroes GM, Suhendra R, Afidh RPF, Idroes R. An Explainable Multi-Model Stacked Classifier Approach for Predicting Hepatitis C Drug Candidates. Sci 2024;6:81. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci6040081.
Noviandy TR, Maulana A, Irvanizam I, Idroes GM, Maulydia NB, Tallei TE, et al. Interpretable Machine Learning Approach to Predict Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Inhibitor Activity Using Voting-Based LightGBM and SHAP. Intelligent Systems with Applications 2025:200481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswa.2025.200481.
Dolongtelide JI, Fatimawali F, Tallei TE, Suoth EJ, Simbala HEI, Antasionasti I, et al. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Chrysanthemum indicum Flowers Extract and Its Fraction. Malacca Pharmaceutics 2023;1:43–7. https://doi.org/10.60084/mp.v1i2.26.
Hodaei M, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A. Variation in Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Iranian Chrysanthemum morifolium Cultivars and Determination of Major Polyphenolic Compounds Based on HPLC Analysis. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021;58:1538–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04666-1.
Rawung FT, Karauwan FA, Pareta DN, Palandi RR. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Formulasi Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Daun Krisan Chrysanthemum morifolium Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Biofarmasetikal Tropis 2020;3:8–16. https://doi.org/10.55724/j.biofar.trop.v3i2.279.
Boukhebti H, Demirtas I, Omar L, Chaker AN. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil and Anatomical Study of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 2020;10:7–13. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2-s.4015.
Panda M, Pattnaik PK, Beura R, Bahira S. Antibacterial Activities of In Vitro Grown Chrysanthemum Morifolium Leaf Extract Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Sci Adv Res Technol 2019;5:28–33.
Puspita R, Hasani N. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Daun Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix D.C) Dengan Metode Ekstraksi UAE (Ultrasound Assisted Extraction) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes Menggunakan Difusi Cakram. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge 2024;4:1863–78.
Badaring D, Sari S, Wulan W, Lembang S. Test of Maja Leaf Extract (Aegle marmelos L.) on the Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Indonesian Journal of Fundamental Sciences 2020;6:16–26.
Kumowal S, Fatimawali F, Jayanto I. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Nanopartikel Ekstrak Lengkuas Putih (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) Terhadap Bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae. PHARMACON 2019;8:781. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29354.
Nurhamidin A, Antasionasti I. Antibacterial Activity Test of N-Hexane Extract of Langsat Fruit Seeds (Lansium domesticum Corr) against Staphylococus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteria Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak N-Heksan Biji Buah Langsat (Lansium domesticum Corr) Ter. 2021; 10: 32772 2021.
Coelho TLS, Silva DSN, Dos Santos Junior JM, Dantas C, Nogueira ARDA, Lopes Júnior CA, et al. Multivariate Optimization and Comparison between Conventional Extraction (CE) and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of Carotenoid Extraction from Cashew Apple. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2022;84:105980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105980.
Zahra AM, Budiastra IW, Mardjan SS. Physicochemical Properties of Nutmeg Mace Oleoresin Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on Different Drying Methods 2019.
Hidayah N, Nurbani SZ, Kusuma J, Siregar AN. Identifikasi Senyawa Fitokimia Ekstrak Waru Laut (Thespesia populnea) Dari Pesisir Pantai Semarus Kabupaten Natuna 2020.
Ridwan R. Identification and Phytochemical Testing of Traditional Medicinal Plants of the North Buton Community 2023.
Bawekes SM, Yudistira A, Rumondor EM. Uji Kualitatif Kandungan Senyawa Kimia Perasan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). PHARMACON 2023;12:373–7. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.12.2023.49269.
Damayanti Iskandar, Dea Ananda Marsas Putri, Rahma Hidayani. Uji Kualitatif Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Daun Malapari (Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre) Pada Pelarut Etanol Dan N-Heksana Sebagai Kandidat Sunscreen. BADA’A: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar 2024;6:107–14. https://doi.org/10.37216/badaa.v6i1.1400.
Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, Program Studi Farmasi, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Emelda E, Asriani Safitri E, Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, Program Studi Farmasi, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Fatmawati A, Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, Program Studi Farmasi, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Inhibition Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ulva lactuca against Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 2021;7:43–8. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2021.007.01.7.
Fransisca D, Kahanjak DN, Frethernety A. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli Dengan Metode Difusi Cakram Kirby-Bauer. Jurnal Pengelolaan Lingkungan Berkelanjutan (Journal of Environmental Sustainability Management) 2020:460–70. https://doi.org/10.36813/jplb.4.1.460-470.
Azkiyah S. Effect of Antibacterial Test of Ginger Extract on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli In Vitro. Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura 2020;1:71–80.
Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Review on Plant Antimicrobials: A Mechanistic Viewpoint. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 2019;8:118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6.
Melkianus B, Fatimawali F, Sudewi S. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Terhadap Bakteri Klebsiella Pneumonlae. PHARMACON 2019;8:88. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29241.
Alouw G, Fatimawali F, Lebang JS. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dengan Metode Difusi Sumuran. Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ) 2022;5:36. https://doi.org/10.35799/pmj.v5i1.41430.